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Intellectual Property
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Criminal Services

Criminal cases involve enforcing public codes of behavior, which are codified in the laws of the state. In criminal cases, the government prosecutes individuals for violating those laws (in other words, for allegedly committing a crime). Punishment in criminal cases can include fines, community service, probation, prison, and the like.

MECHANISM CRIMINAL CASE: FIR sets law in motion. It follows investigation. A report upon completion upon investigation is submitted before the court. The court conducts inquiry and decides for the disposal of report if the same is fit for trial or for disposal in some other manner. If the Court deems it fit for trial, it takes cognizance of the offence. Then the trial commences with the framing of charge (reflecting statement of accusations) against the accused and is followed by evidence as per law of land. Upon conclusion of evidence, arguments from both sides are heard. Then the judgment is announced or the decision is given by the judge; the decision culminates into either acquittal or conviction of the accused of such offence.

PRE-INVESTIGATION STAGE

First Information Report (section 154 Cr.P.C)
Power of police to investigate (Section 154 Cr.P.C & section 156(1), Cr.P.C)
Optional Investigation (Section 157(b), Cr.P.C. read with Rule 25.9 of Police Rules, 1934)

INVESTIGATION STAGE

Daily Diaries (Section 172, Cr.P.C)
Arrest of accused by police (Chapter V of the Cr.P.C)
Arrest by private person (Section 59, Cr.P.C)
Arrest by or in presence of Magistrate (Subject to provisions of bail U/S. 64 Cr.P.C)
Recording of statements by police (Section 160, Cr.P.C)
Recording of statements of witnesses by Magistrate (Section 164, Cr.P.C)
Recording of confessions by Magistrate (Section 164, Cr.P.C)
Bail by police or by Magistrate (Bailable U/S 496 & Non-bailable U/S 497, Cr.P.C)

INQUIRY / PRE-TRIAL STAGE

Challan or police report (Section 173 Cr.P.C)
Cognizance by Court (Section 190 Cr.P.C)
Release of accused when evidence is deficient (Section 169 Cr.P.C)
Record of evidence in absence of accused (Section 512 Cr.P.C)
Magistrate may dispense with personal attendance of accused (Section 205, Cr.P.C)

TRIAL STAGE

Withdrawal of charge (Section 240 Cr.P.C)
Framing of charge (Triable by Magistrate Section 242 Cr.P.C)
If Guilty, Record a conviction (Section 243 Cr.P.C)
If Not Guilty, Trial begins (Section 244 Cr.P.C)
Acquittal at any stage (Section 249-A Cr.P.C)
Defence plea (Section 342 Cr.P.C)
Final arguments / Closing submissions
Decision / Judgment (Acquittal U/S 245(i) Cr.P.C. or conviction U/S 245(ii) Cr.P.C)

Criminal Litigation Services

Bails
Appeals
Trails
Assault
Burglary
Disciplinary matters
Domestic violence
Aggravated Robbery
Drug Charges
Fraud & Theft
Murder & other death matters
Sexual offences

Civil Litigation

A civil case is a dispute between two citizens in which one person sues another. It includes description of incident, assignment of blame and request for a specific remedy. It involve conflicts between people or institutions such as businesses, typically over money. A civil case usually begins when one person or business (the "plaintiff") claims to have been harmed by the actions of another person or business (the "defendant") and asks the court for relief by filing a "complaint" and starting a court case. The plaintiff may ask the court to award "damages" (money to compensate the plaintiff for any harm suffered), or may ask for an "injunction" to prevent the defendant from doing something or to require the defendant to do something, or may seek a "declaratory judgment" in which the court determines the parties' rights under a contract or statute.

Eventually, to resolve the case, the court (by way of a judge or jury) will determine the facts of the case (in other words, figure out what really happened) and will apply the appropriate law to those facts. Based on this application of the law to the facts, the court or jury will decide what legal consequences ultimately flow from the parties' actions.

A case also might be resolved by the parties themselves. At any time during the course of a case, the parties can agree to resolve their disputes and reach a compromise to avoid the expense of trial or the risk of losing at trial. Settlement often involves the payment of money and can even be structured to result in an enforceable judgment.

Mechanism Civil Case:

Pre-filing: During the pre-filing stage, the dispute arises and the parties make demands, try to negotiate a resolution, and prepare for the possibility of a court action.

Initial pleading: During this stage, one party files papers (called a "complaint") to start the court action, and the other party files some type of response (an "answer" or maybe a "motion").

Discovery: During the discovery stage, both sides exchange information and learn about the strengths and weaknesses of the other side's case.

Post discovery/pre-trial: In this stage, the parties start preparing for trial; they get their evidence and witnesses in order, they might engage in some type of settlement conference, and they may file motions with the court to resolve the case or limit the issues for trial.

Trial: During this stage, the case is actually heard by the judge or a jury (which could last for a couple of hours or a couple of months, depending on the complexity of the case); witnesses are examined, evidence is presented, and the case is eventually decided and a judgment entered.

Post-trial: During the post-trial stage, one or both of the parties might appeal the judgment that was entered at trial, or the winning party might try to collect the judgment that was entered.

Civil Litigation Services

Civil Disputes
Family Disputes
Commercial Litigation
Car Accidents & Personal Injury
Corporate Litigation
Administrative Disputes
Contract Disputes
Property Disputes
Debt Recovery
Defamation Suits
Employment Disputes
Workplace Injuries
Wrongful Death
Medical Negligence

Family Law

Family law, matrimonial law or the law of native relations, is an area of the law that deals with family affairs & domestic relations, such as adoption, divorce, child custody & support etc.

Our team of family lawyers best assist their clients in resolving family law affairs herein Pakistan. The legal system is based on English common law and Islamic law. The former is more influential in commercial law while the latter is more influential in personal status (and more recently, criminal and tax law to some extent).

Family Law Services:

Marriage & Dissolution of Marriage
Inheritance and Succession
Custody and Guardianship
Dower & Maintenance
Adoption and Fostering
Will and Hiba
Parentage, Legitimacy & Acknowledgement

Relevant Legislation

Guardians and Wards Act, 1890
Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929
Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939
Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961
(West Pakistan) Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1962
(West Pakistan) Family Courts Act, 1964
Offence of Zina (Enforcement of Hudood) Ordinance, 1979
Law of Evidence (Qanun-e-Shahadat) Order, 1984
Enforcement of Sharia Act, 1991
Dowry and Bridal Gifts (Restriction) Act, 1976
Prohibition (Enforcement of Hudood) Order, 1979
Offence of Qazf (Enforcement of Hudood) Order, 1979
Execution of Punishment of Whipping Ordinance, 1979

Litigation

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Criminal Litigation Services

Civil Litigation

Mechanism Civil Case:

Civil Litigation Services

Family Law

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Relevant Legislation

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